Response 1 PN-Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples

Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples

Cancer is a disease that occurs when cells grow abnormally and form tumors. One of the factors that can cause cancer is DNA damage which can result from exposure to endogenous or exogenous agents, such as reactive oxygen species, UV light, ionizing radiation, or chemotherapy drugs (Yu et al., 2019).  Consequently, to prevent this, cells have evolved DNA repair pathways that can detect and correct different types of DNA lesions (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

Furthermore, DNA replication is a fundamental process that takes place every time a cell divides and duplicates its genetic material. However, sometimes mistakes occur during this intricate process, leading to alterations in the DNA sequence. Besides, these alterations can manifest as changes in single nucleotides, known as point mutations, or even larger-scale rearrangements (Basu et al., 2019) (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

When it comes to recombination, it’s all about shuffling the genetic deck. This process plays a crucial role in generating genetic diversity, but it does come with a risk. Occasionally, errors can sneak in during recombination, causing chunks of DNA to be rearranged in unexpected ways. Moreover, these rearrangements can disrupt normal cellular functions and potentially lead to cancerous changes

(Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

Furthermore, If a DNA repair mechanism fails to correct errors or damage adequately, harmful mutations can pile up, compromising the accuracy of DNA replication and contributing to the development of cancer (Basu et al., 2019). According to Ashish et al., (2023), sometimes the DNA replication process itself encounters obstacles or stalls due to DNA damage or other factors which can cause replication stress and it can lead to genomic instability and cancer (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).                           

However, if HR is defective or overwhelmed by excessive replication stress, it can result in errors or incomplete repair, leading to changes in DNA sequence at the cellular level. Hence, all these factors can affect the genes that regulate cell growth and division. Some genes can be damaged by environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke or ultraviolet rays (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

Mutations can cause cells to grow abnormally or evade the immune system. Besides, other genes can be inherited from one’s parents and increase their susceptibility to certain types of cancer. Furthermore, to sum it all up, errors in DNA replication, recombination, or repair can lead to changes in DNA sequence at the cellular level, potentially setting the stage for cancer. It’s a delicate dance within one’s cells, and when mistakes happen, the consequences can be profound. Moreover,scientists will continue to strive to unravel these mysteries and develop innovative approaches to better understand and combat cancer (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

References

Basu, U., Sharma, A., Bajaj, D., Malik, N., Jha, U. C., Upadhyaya, H. D., & Parida, Reporter, 40(1), 119–135. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11105-021-01303-9

Ashish, Bhaskar, A., Lal, B., Panda, D. K., Patil, A., & Bhaskar, M. (2023). DNA Sequence based Advanced Technique for Prediction of Hereditary Diseases using Support Vector Machine (SVM). 2023 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), 2023 International Conference On, 870–874. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1109/ICICT57646.2023.10133969

Yu, J., Chen, Z., & Yan, F. (2019). Advances in mechanism studies on ultrasonic gene delivery at cellular level. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 142, 1–9. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.012  

OA

The disease selected in my DQ 1 is Cystic fibrosis (CF) and how the error in DNA replication and recombination is formed. In people with CF mutations, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene can disrupt the normal production or functioning of the CFTR protein found in the cells of the lungs and other parts of the body. Cystic fibrosis is an example of a recessive disease meaning that a person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene to have CF (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations, or errors, in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which result in either no CFTR protein being made or a malformed CFTR protein that can not perform its key function in the cell. CF are caused by mutations in a single gene, one that contains DNA “letters” that spell out the instructions to make a specific protein (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples)..

When the protein is not made correctly, it can lead to several problems. The disease affect mainly secretory organs in humans, as a genetic disorder with malfunctioning CFTR protein, it combines chloride channel properties and ABC transporters and its malfunction results in impaired ion and water transport across the plasma membrane. When the protein is not working correctly, chloride a component of salt becomes trapped in cells (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

Without the proper movement of chloride, water cannot hydrate the cellular surface. This leads the mucus covering the cells to become thick and sticky, causing many of the symptoms associated with CF. There are five classes of CFTR mutations: protein production, protein processing, gating, conduction, and insufficient protein. The most common CF mutation is F508 del primarily considered to be a protein processing mutation. Zajac et al., (2021) (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

From my study the scientists over the years have used different ways of grouping these mutations into different classes. The most recent classification system groups mutations by the problems that they cause in the production of the CFTR protein. It seems to not have a particular treatment. However, medical teams are managing every individual according to how their symptoms presents.

Consequently, researchers are still making efforts according to CF foundation, major initiative known as “the path to a cure,” an ambitious research agenda to deliver treatments for the underlying cause of the disease and a cure for every person with CF. The Foundation is challenging potential collaborators to submit proposals that will accelerate the pace of progress in CF drug discovery and development and intends to allocate $500 million to the effort through 2025(Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples)..

The Path to a Cure centers around two core strategies to address the underlying cause of CF, restoring CFTR protein when none exists and fixing or replacing the underlying genetic mutation to address the root cause of CF. According to PBS Nova., (2023) “a cystic fibrosis sufferer breathing easily because scientists have been able to pinpoint and neutralize the genetic abnormalities underlying their conditions, the new era of personalized, gene-based medicine is relevant to everyone.”  it is worth acknowledging that present therapies may not bring benefits to all CF patients, rather every patient treatment plan may defer from one another and symptoms are managed accordingly. Zajac et al., (2021)(Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

Obe

PBS Nova., (2023), Cracking Your Genetic Code https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/cracking-your-genetic-code/

Zajac et al., (2021) The Distribution and Role of the CFTR Protein in the Intracellular Compartments https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8618639/#:

MH

DNA undergoes changes throughout the life span in order to maintain stability. During this process there can be complications that alter the intended change for the DNA. When these complications arise they can create changes in the body that providers do not always know to take into account. When it comes to diabetes this can pose a major risk to the patient with blood sugar fluctuations (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples)..

Diabetes can be a complex disease to manage on its own, but when DNA alterations lead to further issues it complicates it even further. When DNA alters, it can lead to changes in the way that the body processes sugar. It can also cause an alteration in the way that pancreatic islets cells process RXF (University of Michigan. 2023). This process is how insulin release and production is regulated (Chandra et al. 2018) (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples).

So when there is a DNA alteration that changes the way that the pancreas functions, it leads to changes in blood sugar. This leads to the patient needing medication changes and at times can even cause previous medications to no longer work. When we have a patient that is not responding to therapy as they previously had we need to take this into consideration and if we are truly struggling to obtain goal therapy think of taking medications away to find the cause that the patient’s body maybe trying to let us know of (Cancer-Nursing Paper Examples)..

Chandra, V., Albalgli-Curial, O., Polak, M., Scharfman, R. 2018. RFX6 Regulates Insulin Secretion by Modulating Ca2+ Homeostasis in Human b Cells. https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(14)00964-4.pdf

University of Michigan. 2023. Diabetes in Your DNA? Scientists Zero In On the Genetic Signature of Risk. https://news.umich.edu/diabetes-in-your-dna-scientists-zero-in-on-the-genetic-signature-of-risk/#:~:text=Each%20DNA%20change%20might%20alter,the%20cells%20of%20pancreatic%20islets