Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example

Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example

Introduction to the Case

The case is about a Pakistani woman who is 34 years old. She has been living in the USA since she was about 19/20 years old and is in an arranged marriage (Laureate Education, 2016). She presents a brief psychotic disorder diagnosis from persistent symptoms following a 21-day hospitalization. Her medical history indicates that the client had Allah visions from which she was convinced she is Prophet Mohammad. She was confident that she is destined to deliver the world from sin. These visions had her husband concerned that he was afraid of leaving their four children in her care. One evening, her husband perceives her as being out of control to the extent of calling the police on her, subsequently admitted into a psychiatric unit.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

During the assessment, she shows calmness, insisting that the incident in which the police was called was not as big as it was put. She denies believing that she was Prophet Mohammad. She is convinced that her husband is only determined to tame her because the television tells her the husband does not love her and instead needed an American wife.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Subjectively, the client reports that she is in a good mood and no audio or visual hallucinations. She believes that Allah is sending her message through the television. She shows hostility towards onwards the primary mental health practitioner (PMHP) then calms down. Her medical workup indicates her health is generally good while previous medical test results are within the normal limits. She admits to stopping taking Risperdal because she fears her husband will poison her and get married to an American woman.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Mental examination reveals she is psychologically aware of the people around her, her surroundings, time, and the occasion. Her dressing is appropriate. She does not behave appropriately with her gestures, manners, and tics. She has slow and interrupted speech. She appears undisturbed. She also shows the constricted affect and appears to be listening to something despite denying visual and auditory hallucinations.  She has a delusional and paranoid thought process; her intuition and judgment are impaired.  She also denies being homicidal and suicidal. The PANSS score reveals that she has paranoia schizophrenia (Kay et al., 1987). A higher negative PANSS score reflects a greater dominance of one syndrome to another and the general severity of schizophrenia (Kay et al., 1987). (Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Decision One

I selected the decision to start Invega Sustenna (Paliperidone palmitate) 234 mg intramuscular X1 followed by 156 mg intramuscular on day four and monthly after that.  Paliperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that helps restore dopamine balance in the brain (Stevens et al., 2016). Stevens et al. (2016) place paliperidone as a significant intervention in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, and facilitate clear thought process and positive self-perception. Besides, the medication reduces agitation and increases the performance of daily activities.

I did not select Zyprexa 10mg is due to its significant side effects such as increased body weakness, drowsiness, appetite, extrapyramidal symptoms, and weight gain (Citrome et al., 2019). Equally, Abilify 10 mg orally at bedtime option was not selected because of its adverse side effects such as akathisia, insomnia, restlessness, and agitation (Mossaheb & Kaufmann, 2012). Sedation, excessive salivation, metabolic abnormalities, weight gain, granulopenia, and delirium or seizures are potential life-threatening side effects of Abilify (Mossaheb & Kaufmann, 2012).(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

The expectation for this selection was a decrease in the PANSS score and adequate toleration of the client’s medication. Invega Sustenna is crucial in restoring dopamine balance in the brain leading to reduced symptoms of schizophrenia (Kwon et al., 2015). Besides, Invega Sustenna is well tolerated by patients with minor side effects (Kwon et al., 2015). (Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Ethical considerations influence how a practitioner interacts with their patients. It is crucial to uphold the rule of informed consent and the right to communication (Slim & Bazin, 2019; American Medical Association (AMA), 2019). In this case, the practitioner should inform the client and her husband of the health conditions, the available treatment interventions, their benefits, and effects to make informed decisions while contributing to their care. Through effective communication, the practitioner should not coerce the client to accept a given treatment intervention. This would reduce trust from the client and contravene her right to informed consent.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Decision Point Two

The second decision was to continue the same decision to administer Invega Sustenna 234mg intramuscular X1 and 156mg intramuscular on the fourth day and monthly after that. The administering nurse, on the other hand, will commence injections into the deltoid muscle. This decision was because the client was already responding well to medication save for the pain at the injection point, limiting her ability to sit for long hours. A deltoid intramuscular injection is recommended remedy for site pain injection (Fu et al., 2014). This necessitated a change in administering the selected medication to the arm’s deltoid area to allow her to sit without pain.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

I did not select the option to discontinue Invega Sustenna and start Haldol because the patient responded well to the initial medication. Schizophrenia’s treatment aims to reduce or eliminate symptoms (Samara et al., 2018); thus, there was a need to discontinue the regimen. Further, Haldon is associated with severe neurotoxicity causing an inability to walk or talk when used with other antipsychotic drugs. In contrast, I did not select the option to augment Invega Sustenna with Abilify Maintena because of its side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Equally, a combination of Abilify with Invega Sustenna is associated with an increase in side effects such as drowsiness, confusion, akathisia, and other significant memory problems.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

The expectation for this selection was a further decrease in the client’s symptoms and PANSS score. According to Stevens et al. (2016), paliperidone is well tolerated and has a significant effect on dopamine D2 neurotransmitters leading to a positive psychological outcome.  In this sense, it is also expected that paliperidone will have minima side effects on the client and less injection site pain.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

It is significant to uphold the ethical value of nonmaleficence (Sorrell, 2017). As a practitioner, it is crucial to act in ways that promote positive health outcomes. In this case, the practitioner should consider all possible treatment interventions and decide on the option with the client’s best possible outcome to promote her well-being. For instance, an obligation not to cause harm is the reason for changing the injection site to the deltoid muscle.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Decision Three

I chose to have the client continue with the Invega Sustenna and counsel her that weight gain from Invega Sustenna is little compared with other drugs with similar efficacy. This decision was made because the client already tolerated the initial medication and had a positive attitude. Besides, the client responded well to the initial medication, as exemplified with the 50% reduction of PANNS, minimal weight gain, and better injection site pain. An appointment with a dietician and exercise physiologist was necessary to help the client eliminate additional weight.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

The option to discontinue Invega Sustenna and start Abilify Maintena was not selected for the same reasons that the client’s condition was already improving; thus, no need for changing medication (Samara et al., 2018). Further, Abilify would not have been effective in this situation since it is associated with a two-week overlap following the first administration. On the other hand, the option to augment Invega Sustenna with Qysimis drug as a remedy for weight gain was not selected since the latter is recommended for obesity management (Sliwa et al., 2011). The client, in this case, is not obese as her BMI is 28.9 kg/M2.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

It is expected that the client will continue responding well with treatment since the selected medication is associated with significant improvement of clinical symptoms (Sliwa et al., 2011). During the following appointment, the PANSS score and weight gain are expected to be significantly low.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Ethically, it is crucial to discuss with the patient and her husband (as a representative) on potential side effects of the medication (LeFevre, 2010) since it is crucial to uphold the ethical principle of nonmaleficence (Sorrell, 2017). In this sense, a practitioner should inform the client of the need to engage a dietician since she is overweight, which predisposes her to obesity. It is ethical to communicate all about a patient’s illness and in a confidential manner (AMA, 2019). This would avoid causing the patient more harm, i.e., a situation where medication results in obesity leading to risks of diabetes.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Conclusion

Invega Sustenna was selected as the first line of treatment for the case-patient diagnosed with paranoia schizophrenia. Invega Sutenna has been shown to have a significant effect in balancing the brain’s dopamine neurotransmitter associated with the development of schizophrenia. Besides, the medication has a significant effect on the symptoms of schizophrenia, causes minimal weight gain and side effects. The other available options, Zyprexa and Abilify, were not selected because of their significant side effects and associated weight gain. For instance, Zyprexa causes substantial side effects of extrapyramidal symptoms and weight gain. On the other hand, Abilify causes akathisia, insomnia, restlessness, and agitation.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

The second decision was to continue the same medication and administer the medication through the deltoid muscle since the client had paint that hindered her ability to sit long. The decision was made since the client responded well to medication, exemplified with a significant reduction in PANNS score. The other available choices were not selected because there was a need to maintain consistency, and there was no need to discontinue or augment the initial prescription. Further, Haldon was not chosen due to its side effect of neurotoxicity. In contrast, Abilify Maintena to the Invega Sustenna regimen was not selected because of its side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. This combination is also associated with drowsiness, akathisia, and confusion.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Lastly, the prescription was continued with counsel on the need for dietary control of weight gain. The client responded positively to the treatment regimen, and it was expected that the client would completely recover following the prescribed medication. The associated weight gain was insignificant and could be easily controlled through professional nutritional and exercise guidance as referred.  (Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

References

American Medical Association. (2019). Code of Medical Ethics: Chapter 1. Retrieved 14 April 2021 from: https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2019-01/code-of-medical-ethics-chapter-1_0.pdf (Accessed 14 April 2021).(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Citrome, L., McEvoy, J. P., Todtenkopf, M. S., McDonnell, D., & Weiden, P. J. (2019). A commentary on the efficacy of olanzapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: the past, present, and future. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 15, 2559.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example) https://doi.10.2147/NDT.S209284

Fu, D. J., Bossie, C. A., Sliwa, J. K., Ma, Y. W., & Alphs, L. (2014). Paliperidone palmitate versus risperidone long-acting injection in markedly-to-severely ill schizophrenia subjects: onset of efficacy with recommended initiation regimens. Clinical schizophrenia & related psychoses, 8(2), 101-109A. (Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)https://doi.10.3371/CSRP.FUBO.022213

Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261-276.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Kwon, J. S., Kim, S. N., Han, J., Lee, S. I., Chang, J. S., Choi, J. S., … & Lee, E. (2015). Satisfaction of immediate or delayed switch to paliperidone palmitate in patients unsatisfied with current oral atypical antipsychotics. International clinical psychopharmacology, 30(6), 320. (Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)https://doi.10.1097/YIC.0000000000000093

Laureate Education. (2016). Case study: Pakistani woman with delusional thought processes [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

LeFevre, M. (2010). Discussing Treatment Options with Patients. American family physician, 81(5), 645. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0301/p645.html

Mossaheb, N., & Kaufmann, R. M. (2012). Role of aripiprazole in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 8, 235(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example). https://doi.10.2147/NDT.S13830

Samara, M. T., Klupp, E., Helfer, B., Rothe, P. H., Schneider‐Thoma, J., & Leucht, S. (2018). Increasing antipsychotic dose for non-response in schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011883.pub2

Slim, K., & Bazin, J. E. (2019). From informed consent to shared decision-making in surgery. https://doi.10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2019.04.014

Sliwa, J. K., Bossie, C. A., Ma, Y. W., & Alphs, L. (2011). Effects of acute paliperidone palmitate treatment in subjects with schizophrenia recently treated with oral risperidone. Schizophrenia research.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Sorrell, J. M. (2017). Ethics: ethical issues with medical errors: shaping a culture of safety in healthcare. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 22(2). https://doi.10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No02EthCol01 

Stevens, J.R, Fava M, & Rosenbaum, J.R. (2016). Psychopharmacology in the Medical Setting. In T. A. Stern, G.L. Fricchione, N.H. Cassem, M. Jelinek, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of General Hospital Psychiatry. Elsevier.(Assessing and Treating Patients with Psychosis and Schizophrenia Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)