Homeland Security: Media and Terrorism – Topic One: Social Networks of Terrorists – Understanding the social makeup of terrorist networks is important for evaluating power and distribution. Why is this significant to understanding the media’s interpretation and communication of Terrorism today?…
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Homeland Security: Media and Terrorism
Instructions
Week 4 Assignment: (include at least two peer reviewed sources for each topic)
Topic One: Social Networks of Terrorists
- Understanding the social makeup of terrorist networks is important for evaluating power and distribution. Why is this significant to understanding the media’s interpretation and communication of Terrorism today?
Topic Two: Information Environment: Misinformation, Disinformation, and Rumors
- To be successful, Public Information Officers need to obtain and maintain information superiority during attacks or responses to terrorist acts. How significant is this to the communications and media industry? Do they always get it right?
Topic Three: Read the Crisis Communications Plan from ready.gov and explain why it is important for Public Information
- Officers or Crisis Communication Agencies to use this as a guide to maintaining the proper format and information distribution process. https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/crisis
- Each topic should only be 200-400 words but do need to be in APA format along with the references.
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Solution
Topic One: Social Networks of Terrorists
Media reporting of terrorism plays a crucial role in the growth of terrorism. Media offers a communication platform and the audience. Terrorists today seek to kill as many people as possible and as many people to witness. For this to happen, there must be a platform that can transmit terrorist activities and ideologies to millions of people in the shortest time possible. Currently, a terrorist act can be shared more than a million times within a few minutes. Terrorists are widely interconnected, operating as individuals in different parts of the world (Perliger & Pedahzur, 2011).
Their structure is decentralized, and we do not see large groups working in specific areas anymore, but individuals executing and pioneering a particular terrorist group’s ideologies in various locations. This interconnection of terrorists depends largely on social networks and systems. It is typical nowadays to find Facebook groups of terrorists where they can communicate and share information (Al-Danani & Amor, 2020). Social network tools offer cheaper and accessible ways of disseminating information quickly and broadly. Communication in social networking sites is mostly unfiltered, unlike the mainstream media outlets, which include selectivity.
Reporters are also widely available in social networks where they share their reporting with the public. Media outlets such as televisions have also developed a strong presence on social networking sites. Since billions of people have access to these sites, it offers a favorable opportunity for terrorists to share their activities. Any media reporting of terrorism on social networking sites reaches millions of people within a short period.
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As more people continue to join social media, the audience grows, and making the platform more attractive to terrorists. There is also a widespread recruiting of individuals, especially sympathizers, through social networks. Terrorists have established the friend of a friend influence that is playing a primary role in disseminating their messages and recruiting individuals (Waskiewicz, 2012). Online social networks also facilitate the spreading of misinformation regarding terrorism. This trend adds to the understanding that media communication of terrorism promotes the growth of terrorism.
Topic Two: Information Environment: Misinformation, Disinformation, and Rumors
Public information officers create a communication link between the government and media outlets, and the public. They offer details of the government’s take and response to terrorist activities. The information they offer affects how the media interprets the terrorist activities and the public perception of these attacks. Information superiority is important since it provides detailed and accurate coverage of terrorist activities. If these officers deliver inaccurate details, the media will report inaccurately.
This scenario facilitates misinformation, disinformation, and rumors. Public information officers do not communicate all data collected in terror attacks. In the face of public information, public information officers can filter some information that would tarnish a person’s or organization’s reputation (Weiner, 2006). The officers can also offer soft facts if the incident was avoidable to cover flaws in the government security systems (Innes, Dobreva & Innes, 2019). If there are prevailing questions, the media tries to fill these gaps using invalidated information which may include conspiracy theories and speculations.
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Public information officers’ delivery on terrorist attacks impacts the communication and media industry, considering that most media reports are based on dissimulation and disinformation rather than concrete information ethics (Marthoz, 2017). Although the officers do not and need not offer exclusive details about a terrorist act to the media and the public, they gather enough details to facilitate a successful response to a terrorist act. There data gathering needs to be comprehensive to include hard facts about the terror activity.
Thorough research ensures tactical response and successful recovery from the attack. The officers do not always get everything right, but they need to be as accurate as possible to be successful. Information ethics should drive every media reporting. Reporters need to conduct enough research about a terrorist activity before reporting to the public. Although obtaining accurate details about an attack is difficult, it is important for communication and media industries to obtain and maintain information superiority to guide their reporting and avoid wrong information delivery.
Topic Three: The Crisis Communications Plan
Public information officers and communication agencies provide important information about an emergency to the public. In case of an incident, people need information. It is always important to plan how to deliver information about a crisis. Terrorist activities reporting mostly include misinformation, disinformation, and rumors that affect the public judgment of the situation.
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A crisis communication plan provides essential guidelines in reducing misinformation, ensuring an effective and efficient communication flow (Fearn-Banks, 2016). The plan also increases messaging timeliness. Effective communication is critical in media reporting. A good public information officer or communication agency should incorporate a communication strategy to guide their work.
When developing a crisis communication plan, it is important to identify the plan’s goal and purpose. Secondly, it is essential to identify the audiences and prioritize communication by creating a hierarchy of information sharing. The audience includes government agencies, victims of a terror attack, news media, companies, and the community (“Crisis Communication Plan,” 2016).
Communication should also be tailored. Details given to security agencies are not similar to those communicated to the public, depending on the terror attack’s sensitivity and severity. A communication plan should include answers to common questions about the crisis and potential risks (Bernstein, 2004). A detailed crisis communication plan would be essential to public information officers and communication agencies in delivering accurate and quantifiable information about terrorist activities.
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References
- Al-Danani, A. M., & Amor, R. B. (2020). Using Social Media Websites to Promote Terrorism Issues-A Study of Site Users ‘sample. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 8(5), 55-77.
- Bernstein, J. (2004). The 10 steps of crisis communications. Crisis Response, prevention, planning and, Training, 106.
- Crisis Communication Plan. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/crisis
- Fearn-Banks, K. (2016). Crisis communications: A casebook approach. Routledge.
- Innes, M., Dobreva, D., & Innes, H. (2019). Disinformation and digital influencing after terrorism: spoofing, truthing and social proofing. Contemporary Social Science, 1-15.
- Marthoz, J. P. (2017). Terrorism and the media: A handbook for Journalists. UNESCO Publishing.
- Perliger, A., & Pedahzur, A. (2011). Social network analysis in the study of terrorism and political violence. PS: Political Science and Politics, 44(1), 45-50.
- Waskiewicz, T. (2012). Friend of a friend influence in terrorist social networks. In Proceedings on the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) (p. 1). The Steering Committee of the World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp).
- Weiner, D. (2006). Crisis communications: Managing corporate reputation in the court of public opinion. Ivey business journal, 70(4), 1-6.
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