Contemporary Ethical Dilemmas

Contemporary Ethical Dilemmas: Describe why there is such a struggle when addressing end-of-life issues. What are the differences between allowing a patient to die and physician-assisted suicide…

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Contemporary Ethical Dilemmas

Paper details

Professional Development Exercises :

• Describe why there is such a struggle when addressing end-of-life issues
• What are the differences between allowing a patient to die and physician-assisted suicide?
• Discuss the controversy that can occur when considering a patient’s right to know whether a caregiver has AIDS and the caregiver’s right to privacy and confidentiality.
• Describe the distinctions among wrongful birth, wrongful life, and wrongful conception. Discuss the moral dilemmas of these concepts
• Discuss the arguments for and against partial birth abortions
• Discuss why there is controversy over genetic markers and stem cell research

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Please combine all of these responses into a single Microsoft Word document for submission. Here is the book for the class that is to be included as 1 of the resources: Guido, G. W. (2014). Legal and ethical issues in nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson.

Solution

Contemporary Ethical Dilemmas

End-of-life Issues

The advancement in medical sciences, technology and research in nursing categorizes End-of-life care decision making essential. Today, a lot of attention is put on the right to die and quality of life until the end. This aspect raises issues, and as such, offering the right end of life medical care is not enough, which calls for skilled providers when holding end of life conversations.

Clinicians experience difficulties with patients from challenging ethnic backgrounds. The significant reasons: imperfect medical interpretations and language barriers, religious beliefs of both the family and patients, ignorance of the providers, cultural differences, patient’s level of literacy, and the patient’s mistrust of the healthcare system and doctors.

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Language and medical interpretations affect end-of-life issues. Language barriers affect end-of-life choices, especially in the utilization of hospice services and assessment of symptoms. Autonomy in decision making based on religious and spiritual beliefs of both the patients and the family make it difficult when discussing end-of-life issues.

Patients from diverse religions including Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Hinduism, express the need to interact with their physicians regarding their beliefs in end-of-life scenarios in most healthcare centers. Ignorance by the providers of the patient’s beliefs makes it difficult to discuss end-of-life issues. Providers misunderstand the options based on beliefs especially in cases preceded by education regarding the choices in end-of-life care.

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End-of-life issues vary culturally. Diverse ethnic backgrounds possess different characteristics that are used to make choices in palliative care (Zubović, 2018). Some cultures perceive death as one transformation to become more peaceful and meaningful. This factor relates to the level of literacy. Lack of education means making less sensible choices, an aspect that makes it challenging to discuss the end of life issues. Lack of education and cultural beliefs causes the patients to mistrust both the doctors and the healthcare system.

Differences Between Allowing A Patient To Die And Physician-Assisted Suicide

Death is an essential transition that all human beings face. Emotional and physical experiences before death are a grievous experience. Today, advancement in medical technology has led to development of health care systems which enable providers to care for patients effectively saving their lives in situations that result in death. On the contrary, the technology has also led to prolonging of life beyond its timeline, and as such causing suffering to patients, friends, caregivers and the family. This scenario has raised questions, resulted to ethical issues.

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Allowing a patient to die is controversial course of action in the contemporary society. Allowing a patient to die involves guidance from a signed health care will, or directive in the presence of a legal health care agent (Guido, 2016). In cases where there is no health care agent or directive, the decision towards life support withdrawal or withholding is made by the family, guardian, or close friends of the dying patient. The medical officers in such a situation should be consulted and the process carried out in the presence of a clergy.

Physician aided suicide is a practice whereby the physicians facilitate the death of patients by injecting lethal medication to severely sick suffering patients at their own request that they can or not take the injection at their own time to end their lives (Dierickx & Chambaere, 2019). Many jurisdictions and religions do not prefer assisted suicide due to the fact that it is taking another person’s life which is considered unethical, a crime, and goes against all religious beliefs and commandments.

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Patient’s Right to Know and the Caregiver’s Right to Privacy and Confidentiality

Privacy and confidentiality are scathing aspects that raise controversies for all patients infected with HIV/AIDS especially caregivers. This disagreement occurs when considering the patient’s right to know and the rights that a caregiver has to privacy. In most cases, concern towards the protection of the patient’s health prompts the testing of all health workers.

However, the question arises as to what level is the patient entitled to the HIV status of the physician? (Zubović, 2018). Generally, the patient has the right to know precisely the general grounds of informed consent including specific tests or treatments and various dimensions that pose risks of infection. The caregivers have their right to privacy and confidentiality and as such, they should not disclose all the information that the patients seek.

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Patients have the right to know necessary information for example, about the caregiver’s race, children, political views, marriage and religion. Ethics does not allow endless full disclosure of a caregiver’s status. The controversy arises when patients demand detailed information regarding the AIDS status which the patients might use to change their decisions.

The controversy is whether disclosure of HIV/AIDS belongs to a domain of risks that can be disclosed ordinarily to patients. In my opinion, accidental infection of AIDS in patients is rare and as such, should not be disclosed to patients. Ultimately, one might argue that the severe consequences of infection justify the patient’s right to know.

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Distinctions among wrongful birth, wrongful life, and wrongful conception

Wrongful birth is a malpractice case where the guardians of a child born with a birth-related defect bring the case against the physician whose negligence during the diagnosis prevented giving a chance to the parents to make a choice which is informed as to whether they ought to terminate or avoid the pregnancy.

Wrongful life is a malpractice claim that is brought on behalf of a child who is born with a congenital disability alleging that the child would not have been born if not for negligent advice given to the parents by the healthcare provider. Wrongful conception is a type of malpractice claim by the parents from the careless process of the sterilization procedure. The moral dilemmas in this type of claims revolve around the amount of financial aid of damages that can be recovered by the parents following the court’s decisions.

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Another moral dilemma of such claims lies to doctors who oppose abortion and are protected by the right to life groups in society. Through this type of thinking, doctors avoid providing information that might lead to abortion, which is unethical especially in wrongful conceptions and births (Haynes & Boese, 2017).

Ultimately, the claims present moral claims that compel doctors to carry out tests that lead to aborting imperfect fetuses to avoid financial expenses. This scenario presents a moral dilemma and as such, all human life despite the severity of being unwanted, handicapped ought to be respected, valued and protected.

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Arguments for and Against Partial-Birth Abortions

Partial-birth is carried out when fetal anomalies cause the fetus to become incompatible with life. The argument that supports partial-birth is that it is performed to protect the woman’s health especially in extreme cases, when the woman opts for a late abortion procedure. Partial abortion is also recommended for social, and genetic reasons and to prevent adoptions (Zubović, 2018).

The argument against partial abortion is it is expensive and the fact that the fetus is now fully developed like a child makes it difficult and immoral to perform. Partial-birth abortion is not recommended following the painful procedure that might lead to death of the mother. Banning it saves the child’s life and it is not constitutionally protected.

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Controversy Over Genetic Markers And Stem Cell Research

Controversy in genetic markers and stem cell research relates to development and use of human embryos. Controversies related to use of embryos revolves around various systems of belief and the fact whether the blastocysts are donated of free will for scientific purposes. The destruction of blastocysts discarded also rises controversies regarding the scientific purpose of research (Zubović, 2018).

Reproductive cloning also forms arguments and should not be practices because of the danger and high probability of procedural failure. Controversies also arise regarding introduction of human-animal chimeras into apes, an aspect prohibited by the guidelines by the national academies.

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References

• Dierickx, S., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B., Penders, Y., Cohen, J., van der Heide, A., Puhan, M. A., & Chambaere, K. (2019). Commonalities and differences in legal euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in three countries: a population-level comparison. International journal of public health, 1-9.
• Guido, G. W. (2016). Legal and ethical issues in nursing (6th Ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
• Haynes, L. C., Butcher, H. K., & Boese, T. A. (2017). Nursing in contemporary society: Issues, trends, and transition to practice. Prentice-Hall.
• Zubović, S. (2018). Ethical dilemmas of nurses and physicians in the primary health care setting. Hos Pal Med Int Jnl, 2(5), 280-284.

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